Qualitative Behavioural Assessment (QBA) offers a holistic approach to evaluating farm animal welfare by capturing the expressive demeanour of animals through descriptors such as calm, anxious or ...

Human evaluation of animal emotional expressivity can inform animal welfare. Qualitative Behavioural Assessment (QBA) has been applied to domesticated and some non-domesticated animals, but its use in ...

This study investigates for the first time the application of Qualitative Behavioural Assessment (QBA) to the analysis of acute pain expression in castrated lambs. Eighty 2-day-old male lambs were ...

Direct assessment, or gathering evidence demonstrating exactly what students did, or did not, learn, provides the most helpful information about student learning. While indirect assessment can ...